When determining total stopping distance, what must be included?

When determining total stopping distance, it is essential to include reaction time as a key component. The total stopping distance is the sum of the distance a vehicle travels during the driver's reaction time and the distance it takes to bring the vehicle to a complete stop after the brakes are applied.

Reaction time refers to the period it takes for a driver to perceive a hazard, decide to act, and then initiate the braking process. This is a critical factor because even a brief delay can significantly affect how far a vehicle travels before stopping.

In addition to reaction time, total stopping distance also incorporates the following elements: the distance covered while reacting and the braking distance, which depends on speed, road conditions, and the vehicle's braking capability. By including reaction time in the calculation, drivers can better assess safe stopping distances under various conditions, enhancing road safety.